Exploring Memory Controller Configurations for Many-Core Systems with 3D Stacked DRAMs

Fen Ge1,  Jia Zhan2,  Yuan Xie2,  Vijaykrishnan Narayanan3
1Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China, 2University of California at Santa Barbara, U.S.A., 3The Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A.


Abstract

Network-on-Chip (NoC) provides a scalable approach to integrate more and more cores on chip, while limited capacity and bandwidth of DRAMs becomes the performance bottleneck. To break the memory wall, 3D integration of DRAMs and processors using Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) has emerged. Distributed memory controllers (MCs) are allocated on chip in order to utilize the abundant bandwidth of stacked DRAMs, but unavoidably incur significant hardware overhead. In this paper, we analyze the design of memory controllers in NoC-based many-core systems with stack-DRAMs. By analyzing the interaction between NoCs and MCs, the optimal number and placement of MCs are explored. Specifically, a Genetic algorithm (GA) based approach is proposed to find the optimal memory controller placement with different number of DRAM partitions. We evaluate memory controller configurations for various memory-intensive applications in terms of network latency and energy, as well as thermal distribution.